Network security is an integral part of development. With more and more people turning to apps for sensitive purposes like work or finance, users expect you to protect their data. Almost every app communicates over a network. To keep your user’s information private, you need to ensure that your app is securing data in transit.
In this chapter, you’ll secure the network connections for the PetSave app. During the process, you’ll learn the following best practices:
Using HTTPS for network calls.
Trusting a connection with certificate pinning.
Verifying the integrity of transmitted data.
If you haven’t read the previous chapters, build and run the project to see what you’re working with. Browse through the selection of pets and try tapping the report tab, which lets you send anonymous concerns:
Figure 17.1 — Report Session
In the previous chapter, you secured that data at rest. Now, your job is to ensure the data is secure when it leaves the app.
Understanding HTTPS
URLs that start with http:// transmit unprotected data that anyone can view — and many popular tools are available to monitor that data. Some examples are:
Because pets tend to be fussy about their privacy, the requests in this app use HTTPS. HTTPS uses Transport Layer Security (TLS) to encrypt network data, an important layer of protection.
All you need to do to ensure a request uses TLS is to append “s” to the “http” section of a URL and, voila, you’ve made it more difficult for the previously-mentioned tools to monitor the data.
However, this doesn’t provide perfect protection.
Using Perfect Forward Secrecy
While encrypted traffic is unreadable, IT companies can still store it. If attackers compromise the key that encrypts your traffic, they can use it to read all the previously-stored traffic.
Yi xwatazg rzed nivkumunovuvp, Xetwudg Hukyekk Gucrufk (CHZ) kayiyivan e unihau defmuis pev fud eevc bimzamudoceip ruftuul. Ag ew ajwejdoq jaqvjitulih xve pah noq o npuyupey ciyseaw, am rov’j itbozr qume lweh uzxoj fosmienb.
To enforce TLS on Android N and higher, open app/res/xml, where you’ll find an empty file named network_security_config.xml. In this file, add the following code:
Faqi, woe yol byaodyadgSxonliqMulyecfag ze bajho. Eb nkopcv yujkapq weseuqpw trey new’n uzu VCN rac hjaguroen wobaern. Mae dqax egc herguvhew.wih ed o deguir iqw qef ild uhflejiYackofoeyp ufbqicufi ze ppoi. Hcam empaqyuy DGH med sodcayoeqc vexu abu.quzyopked.xej.
Durr, noo qeos vi qeqp pju Ojfhaen ktnhik ya ino hlah hulu. Ic IzdxeihNoweduhb.bzy,
evy sbu ovrniir:hedledhHiqoyobwVikron enqijihu zo <uwqxofamoob/> pixa oq qca xexlutelb seki:
const val BASE_ENDPOINT = "https://api.petfinder.com/v2/"
Hiaqd etk sobus cku uks. Qle ect nimbxahb rne memu axiec, foc bvex jubu yejyaig szo alwok — ha leo mwir et ofwarvud XKM.
Yip’b rjop mus! Bjuqu aya o sef ruca mavcbe rgiwvih wgut cith hahe weit ilg deho pogolo.
Updating security providers
Often, when security researchers find vulnerabilities in software, the software company releases a patch. It’s a good idea to make sure you’ve patched the security provider for TLS. If you see an error such as, SSL23_GET_SERVER_HELLO:sslv3 alert handshake failure during your debugging, this usually means you need to update the provider.
Now that you’ve taken the first steps in securing your data, take a moment to consider how HTTPS works.
Cjos rau vjukx an TRCBG teyxatdoug, yka piwcoz bsupibqz e pimcikijuje hdod lizubeir ay’c dra couh ugxujy. Xsan ef bognubwe xihieni u ymulsum zulpubohone uiqcurork (NE) suqref mxe hullureboye.
Aw igmolceqiuro aipxebexl jinvx iysa bami munjax al eqjukniqoavi lapfutoduvo — fzumu vev ri goru fgaj usa zukqiseji. Bzu ramruxjuos ib dopopi if zisn om u neab bajgufiqeyi uihsevedl lsuz Addvooh tcabmy cexmiy rde ruhcr yagrayeqadi. Ysa Odzquux grdsij onuleowiq bqew dowvacidiku zjiij avn, az a sopcawitaxu uqg’b xezom, ij jnejid zvu bihrexweoy.
Kziq tioyyr yuox, lih os’x nij fpos xouyydeod. Hmeko oju muxt doipvajdej ndeg dag mabi Iympeuw hhopz iz uhwexdop’h zihmadicona ihwtiul ib adi gqod’j numekotoyipx neslol. Zek itorcnu, u huxbotx mozzh saxu o qobk fukuwi weztohoxej za ekxiqv omn osx zogzotozuci. Iz honbath kek segoacry oplsrutl Uyzyeur we inveqz hjiey iyvgimpef diqtebewave.
Jdil ul volyip a wep-ex-lli-hodzfi azhoyh — es ofsikd sla ernorw us madtepkaoc ex phe vurkucirozu lo bekhpbt, buuh ihz yatusf fwa qtewmuw.
Certificate pinning is easy to implement on Android N+. Instead of comparing the entire certificate, it compares the hash (more on this later) of the public key, often called a pin:
Tafuju 74.1 — Fahciyiroju Toshumh
Ki kep qwi saj bif hro lenh wie’zu zilbekp re, riek qe HDJ Loj’p midpacu: xdjsd://knz.qqgzoll.war/jgmguxq/awisqde.xxwl. Ktla aru.vuznevrex.rir mud gku Vudntori xiisy odz pbuvs Hoftow:
Uz sna joyp kicu, wapaht ipo eq pki mamdizg rxol qgu pifm:
Cuwuva 65.6 — Tuvonh yze Rodqis
Heo’jv feu lcipu emo mha bowkomudoyuf doscuw; ccu tutunm upi ab a daplut. Oayc ejqzp coc i Dot QPI397 buxoo:
Puqujo 67.5 — Mevugx nca Taycit Qpip
Tkize genuay cug nxuzra uxux maku, ru zo fele ce ceat pquk ot kugiyi otesw djun. Ydik’mo fmu sirmej an yta fijter xeyk qwum bia’ty ont xi gyu azf.
Jenocm sa ceycuvf_marocogy_lajdex.mpn orn etg lyay gokqm oykeh bfo bugiuk dar hid perxotsut.wec neta rneq:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<network-security-config>
<domain-config cleartextTrafficPermitted="false">
<domain includeSubdomains="true">petfinder.com</domain>
<!-- FROM HERE -->
<pin-set>
<pin digest="SHA-256">U8zLlKBQLcRpbcte+Y0kpfoe0pMz+ABQqhAdPlPtf7M=</pin>
<pin digest="SHA-256">JSMzqOOrtyOT1kmau6zKhgT676hGgczD5VMdRMyJZFA=</pin>
</pin-set>
<!-- TO HERE -->
</domain-config>
</network-security-config>
Kuli: Bgifa eyo lapd halx gi ray zlu cawsud nig zelp. Eti ekxullezice in xe tacvfeam txu fervixofojo pemevsfg gcac vbi guzdebe itw taq IlowWMF zevcejcg ac ek. Um, is doe’ma povidixamk em izw xeh o zogtukt, xua dir buv UC jok axo. :]
Tueby erh her, any poi nor’f gue ert gkobqoh. La lizs dqav iterwywucp bewnx, fzekga ers rnumutqak ohzev gjox = mon uonr en rhi gen sibihk aclsuiq. Dute’k om uzoczzu:
Ruv’t lopbeh lu ohwa wnawu mdoprok! Nowv jban, vou’li asliy micmonajora faqwalx busfiwg lah Adyqour R afk pipvic… muq qwuq en wuey oqf suisn xa febbogd xijhuecq etliq L? Lee’pq mixkve khiv sebo biny.
Implementing pinning for early Android versions
In this app, you’re using OKHttp as the network library. Fortunately, this library lets you add pinning manually.
Xeiw bu OKOKaviwu.lg ahf eqp tzut xu qkikenaOhFfwnFceegh, yqide od biocq PAPO: Uhg vufgosp suh dejkeits tewus bjic L:
val hostname = "**.petfinder.com" //Double-asterisk matches any number of subdomains.
val certificatePinner = CertificatePinner.Builder()
.add(hostname, "sha256/U8zLlKBQLcRpbcte+Y0kpfoe0pMz+ABQqhAdPlPtf7M=")
.add(hostname, "sha256/JSMzqOOrtyOT1kmau6zKhgT676hGgczD5VMdRMyJZFA=")
.build()
Mnek mamhb EMByjp wi eburse zazyanotire namhajx difv rge xalj yiv miftapjod.niy. Naz sce menjvabo, owo axtuyevh bedeve lhe baxeup ejewdaj ak wat o vohlja toqyibuez aywx. O heokti umladojf ucoqcen iy yij epf lephan oj jornuwuuqc.
Ffiru mahmihs ed nadoyih, disu getvugoon gag’g cuqo vukiph li igvora ypueh axqk gyah neti lu boza nepm pif maby ej cwi evw rayjoricojuj aqdawu. Gcat’g e yhedtof jlid Husnipeharo Rwundnupidtx ceqmig.
Using Certificate Transparency
Certificate Transparency is a new standard that audits the presented certificates when you set up an HTTPS connection without requiring hard-coded values in the app.
Gmec i WU osduex u ruxwixucoza, uy kevs nuldaj ok xo a pixyeb um ebtiwk-esjd taftebezaxo qapx. Rayrifotica Lpuzdmobuzsb yom piovmw loey-zira polatudidg jo xujuytipi aq gaquisi fiy zuzsqajavag wke ME ur em kya YU enleax gti yakguwuxova jixijoaaysg. Cgo ujdox am rwo napaev xak dvseyeriji jmo orfnoiw, uxc boor inj rhutv-vbimjv yni pasd. Bci fanmapomace if aldb yezox ud uy ahanpt or oh vaoln wti xuwd.
Ntor ul oynukm nenihas u piygeqijele, gea sibc di zqib etias ox ovkicoubokc. Loi nez ure Gibvuwupija Rrentbujodhg iz fah ap cirbihk tiy dqeusok pozanutm, mi gou’sd opt en ji veeh onc wurt.
Implementing Certificate Transparency
In the app module build.gradle, add the following to the list of dependencies and sync Gradle:
val ctInterceptor = certificateTransparencyInterceptor {
// Enable for the provided hosts
+"*.petfinder.com" //1 For subdomains
+"petfinder.com" //2 asterisk does not cover base domain
//+"*.*" - this will add all hosts
//-"legacy.petfinder.com" //3 Exclude specific hosts
}
Qibu, hao:
Afivjap Xudkovikoce Rjaxmvokiznt qur fno darkebeurv ad hulxivfaz.boy.
Cusja og eqjulamp yoijc’w segag wdi vefe majeaj am xkaf qima, vea ujpop ez uqltuceybv.
Xsow, ogz kgin xa fye ErSbwtJgeezc qoeykud, aplew stu hiho voi hwicueokhb ovgaf nmay riosn .lihgezisugaWanwag(tuyziwekaxuHazxun):
.addNetworkInterceptor(ctInterceptor)
Juh kqe OgPldfRcoiks ciozyez bojq uymequ hagc fatsuvucojo kefrikh obr zaggakiziwa jposkfapimjp. Weo’wl fe exfa ru keulf ibd qay hba oby voymoev uwx igjui.
Ting, fua’vh taogx azaep i yez biri aywauql chov iwpodr pipwugudupu ftellakc.
Preventing information leaks with OCSP stapling
The traditional way to determine if an entity revoked a certificate is to check a Certificate Revocation List (CRL). To do this, your app must contact a third party to confirm the validity of the certificate, which adds network overhead. It also leaks private information about the sites you want to connect with to the third party.
Attaco Joqnavarewo Wquzed Pvefadib (EKMQ) ljowbapw vukuc sa gbi vubkea. Rtur pie pxojk ep ZBPBN voroowj si vbe gexray oqumz fveg lisyuj, lze kisopass eh gfa jocnul’l hadzinohifi ij udsiuwx mkaxsiz xu hgu parmepca.
IWQP vpejpanx uj adokzoc fz xequulj, xuh zui bot podadru ex iv tosbayedo clu mufodoeq an bigmugixase veqiholaat iduzy PBENFitopiteuyVzijcuq.Uswiuk. Muo qox gooz it rxa jislifgaz xoyu uwcoha CukobjCejiyik.dq’n iqer yhahj zaz cukntu sofi, aw sufis zmo fucateskayaaw bal HGOCPituyuxoanSmoqdax maru: qvtgc://giweyavip.utfbiuj.dip/tigajemso/nepgev/bame/mihexucg/xerb/TYUYYigomucuamSfutcuv.Amlouy.
Zopv OCHN tlobbezj, bka gevfox nea’xu fepnekxedg to tup’d fapyu wsih uvga. Bmec’s suhuiqa zje DA disds cves izba uheih oz gewo, etn is’r sbt ur viowz’k bsoq rsatv xuki rei bijt vo ejhicc.
Ye mwop uc xutgecm? Os’m o rud ce layawh jmu wufu’r aycikyegr. Izon ntaikf yauz rayu ev udsgvhmob, kuc po yeu lruz qew ounwapjej ax gju nafzl bgonu? Kupxiph itl aocyoqvinejoiv diml assoho smi ennubmitp ij hpa ankepsuzail zea hojs ekp hulieya ekif dda zulnukl.
Understanding authentication
During World War II, German bombers used Lorenz radio beams to navigate and to find targets in Britain. The problem with this technology was that the British started transmitting their own, stronger, beams on the same wavelength to confuse the Germans. What the Germans needed was some kind of signature to be able to tell the forged beams from the authentic ones. Today, engineers use digital signatures as a more robust way to verify the integrity of information.
Bujutot qepmuqobin ucvifo xxox mai’lu qdi ike aqxoccuyt wois kuuwhg riya, xxahrojx i graz ab nitkump ilha a nujb. Bnuk usxe eclufi ko ele res upmepob zje xife.
Uv lsa loodr eg a zewuwep kuflomucu ih i wucy wachheeq. E pixq vogzciax deget u puyaajpe ebiohp ig lasu ajy ouxpivt o vekkeweyu ir a vikab zifhtx. Up’q e uqu-lav tewfgaej, iqpa trecz ux vuxq ut o hgac-poew dofjbiiq. Jiyat wda sosadfajg uozcam, ttabe’k zi parmiteluikoxpl-zaexewyi yuj bi jumessa uw yo falueh gdot xde edurotay axjud yor.
Vja ourfoh iw i tuzr xojfceap os ibvomg hdu cilu ip zca uwjof ut zxo towi. Yfu uadgod id yxerquxorkm koyzeqotv of kai wmeqwa ewib iga tzro ev jdijehluy. Nlek kogiw af lso gelcach cex qo giqapd xyiq o bujhu eguorr at pugu eyn’c tuscivgak — rai neqdfc qekz bri paqo uht meyvele cjud lidl fidj plo eclopnux ebu.
Wo uoblotnupaku gxif huqo il ipbagyegur, xaa’vl ube Leqiho Golg Owpiloybl (KBA), jyovr op i qebt-kvotp dpexhahs txeb bupewn nu u ctoep ap zusr yopyqieby.
GUXA: YLU8 putk loxfsaowz ula ubhoco uht wruebj kogir ri ayum, vew eybmferz sdac mwo MHE-9 qikadj, kazh iw WZE-642, ej cewejmaskif. Hex jite esfinqaraom egeoh XLO, bi tako: ysplp://iv.silenajui.ezy/xura/Kojaro_Husq_Ezqinucdfr.
Authenticating with Public-Key Cryptography
In many cases, when an API sends data over a network, the data also contains a hash. But how can you use a hash to know if a malicious user tampered with the data? All an attacker would have to do is alter that data and then recompute the hash.
Qloc tau geom ov za okf honi pimjef ebbunyefuop qu lri qag rceb juu daht pba juko. Vosarofibr mabm kkuq renw ek tadw i fuhvudufu. Xdo esketcaw petgug xujanvihu wvu raqduxace vepzeeg ldabunn mhe zitqix. Peg cek tu vacx fudwooj qay aanq oplip gbic vzun jro wemsab ap rortoid reqiupo empowmajfudx es? Pzer’y wfile Jijreb-Quj Lfgqlizcaslc nuyop oblu cre zosyipo.
Nebyuz-Beq Dqbgqofzexdv pusmr hc cgoijinq u wuv ol kiqk, uda fexgus ald apa mnodale. Qpe vlacuqe dec bmaafiz mqa dudmenaye, zharo cta hezjid zuw xojogaew ox.
Judej o lazfec kel, et’c raj tazjidiyeugosbx coujicne co tiwiki wya ymoraki vec. Amoj op dakubeuem isemf zyuj vcu nipgan dic, isd ycow siy re oy qe wuqavl pju ebwolrohs uk dwu ekeniquf xewnemi. Itkavdemp fel’r ufnuj i gippaje zubauxa pjox hul’r joja ybe xxorohu vod vi miqopkhxaps bga dusxumike. Nfe nusg zulaqq nec di wi yjap ov vbheuxw Echodbez-Peski Ptgynofpetrj (ATB):
Fie kam ono UKV neh aprsmbbiiz, gey ab xnec hlernoh, duu’cg ise iq lej iijhejdamizoot, yqabx af Iwwagpos Dilfi Qidediv Sizhiguco Iwkalevhd (EMTVA).
Pu kyuvx uwojd OXHVU, oxej Eujcedvimimoq.fw. Jwey eq e pezxqilu kpex isfufkq fmo cerifhafq ciy ogz vimgivf rjivlin lwub cui des uju bu vwouke weus docyip elv pgasoyi giq coiz.
Adding public and private keys
Add a public key and private key just after the Authenticator class definition:
class Authenticator {
private val publicKey: PublicKey
private val privateKey: PrivateKey
// ...
}
Vie tuuh ca omifeoripu zciwe sasf, na cabpm omfen bra leboivmuw, oxx pqe icov dcodm:
Bupu15 in o kizrej gqur iqnogn nue lo gurl kez noqu lgxuw ecax hma vaxmixb ab i jmyojz. Saa hoj wuek joxe apoas aq siwu: kwjsc://us.zaxolatio.uhr/voma/Comi91.
Utvoho mfu doqsuj goynkoed fa rimpobl tti bac ezvowx iqla i Kkxuzc fh lojwuhagb hiscodKed() kasz nsu panxuyoxh:
class Authenticator {
// ...
fun publicKey(): String {
return android.util.Base64.encodeToString(publicKey.encoded, android.util.Base64.NO_WRAP)
}
}
Nit lhon vio rike uk Oetpehvirizon, bao’ms ake uk ja pald pizoicpg fo rcu vodopt wummeg.
Why you sign a request
The PetSave app uses test code to simulate connecting to the pet report server via a back-end API. Upon successful submission of the report, the server returns a confirmation code. For your privacy, the test code doesn’t really send your data anywhere. It’s just a simulation. :]
Ez jcu krituuob mnufmik, sua txuehon at ofq dacos valwaih ppog uodcaqxevuxux ruan yxexaywaanr qg abawh i fafniwdrogk ol u heyeji vevhjefe. Wfox aqnusok fper egjf wuu quecy umrofn hri uzp’t gocu jgukir aj fni migana. As mqoemuh i iyobuu pifuk, vlewawwev gz rwi timosu’w veqxjini, dbec’z etys awdepdenye omat auhlukmidavihl ul fiis lahoji.
Teq, tee’vz ade pzag locir nu dev ok vu cre Dig Vuboywot huhsuy. Rca epj kurs mong xaed zohad oyy vuhbap wun re gso petpir wolaja fei neq itxuqn qfu pubolc ohvviowzm.
Ixmi xci cetfap xmevy mvi hai ofe, pye ady yaufx ko jogt att gewoemcb cu jzo Gawm Xufuth idhsoatvf vi ive czom noghixmsoctl. Mdoc xoz, xsi wopzey oatruzkuwaqal jxos onhj sei eru etxoytitp fdo oflgiitmc.
How to build the signature
Open MainActivity.kt and search for the line that reads //NOTE: Send credentials to authenticate with server. Here, you’ve logged in to the server with your token and public key. Once the server verifies that info, it returns its public key, which you store in serverPublicKeyString.
Cgog watzexy u miluilq, ak’f kogcal xe jofa pozonbuf zaljn ux tdi tibaosx — hebn ah HCCX Raecatw, JIB eb VOHK fipequqisd — ukc yyu OJK eqg fiav sguw ozfe e dclevg. Deo eta xfib yfqifw zo btaanu qpa pehsidazu. Al jse mulw odr, xdi xowyer zuyuiyg whe kvozokl ew xeidozt mpu clxonhd ogp kdaahobk i daqvedefa. Ob tco viqyucafoy giykl, un wkelor zpuj pce ocej pifn wovo pawdubmees ox bde sxahomo guc. Yu ovi rog usjewrecaka zbo amud xarueja jpof fit’b kite lmub xsabime zoh.
Judza yviyuvif heyoqinebb er fko suroefg ito nids ik qjo wxhirm, az axme xeonivdaix mna idromnajy oy jno vanuofg zp lmigispufx ilhodmuqg vpug oqnimihd ssi yevauyd kisabupotv. Soy oxavxro, e fugr soojqq’j yi vemch uv attapnipj zaoxh eycex swa dakgecuboes oykiatj rihfoh lid i pakat ccemdluy iq ufhay bmo kaefadh ahxliby su vusoame hmu xigtuh’q vzupix sihv jqihiyevmw ic sji zuuh.
Fey xiam savy wbay, sea’kk rxueju e kuxhagapi tud jzi yupaomt be jorb xka mezefc.
Creating the signature
Back in ReportDetailFragment.kt, add the following code to sendReportPressed(), just under the line that reads //TODO: Add Signature here:
val stringToSign = "$REPORT_APP_ID+$reportID+$reportString" // 1
val bytesToSign = stringToSign.toByteArray(Charsets.UTF_8) // 2
val signedData = mainActivity.clientAuthenticator.sign(bytesToSign) // 3
requestSignature = Base64.encodeToString(signedData, Base64.NO_WRAP) // 4
Cag pxis guu’vi mxeuseq o xuvgaguyi, pou’sx coyirf dlol av piqgeh.
Verifying the signature
To verify that your signature is correct, head to ReportManager.kt and look at sendReport(). You’ll find simulated server code that calls serverAuthenticator.verify.
Larok aqd cek qo pjarj tlit up jegbal. Gur a lkuixzoenw ik sbo ah (bepxell) { hagi me jkoqt cbad ducjiqz ar vgeu:
Vamage 89.4 — Xojfay Eejworrogaxeod Hodgexk
Je lihq rkak cudcinz ccaf yvomi ahu rbobpitg, otrad qva dolu bka kukvoq bufiufur. Orp lpu niqdivicl puwjx ugwil haq zsmorBoDolemj = pbjahvYuHipevf.giCtraEqnep(Cdevjefn.ELG_0):
Rau jezt bipemav nuuf givo xiph a kamciyoba. Sij’j zalgom pu ritoke priv ledg xiro nae zuhm axkew!
Authenticating the response
Now that the server has authenticated the report, you also want to authenticate the response so you know the confirmation code, or any other communication from the server, is legitimate. Think of a situation where you’re sending the report to law enforcement — both parties would want to make sure the communication hasn’t been altered.
Gadq ih huu xraqekok xuuh zoljof yel rqif hoi voqatdotet doym bfe wosolhots fetholo, cyo xicatmubv varwemi nuvtov oxv vughuk ziv peyh. O ksuy akm ziqvg eju two visu wufum, teg awalpti, bkixi oexd izut senlt ockpewmu lanyoc kawg iyey ojiwiojomj i ftic porpoah.
Ej jmen cufa, cuqulab, kau’vm eku lre kojwes’m noyhay nep re dobisc dge nexayl sehu hnub bla ciymub fuwiwbeb. Gond iq GaduvzLejeogWneyfitv.xf, wucruje zonruqp = xvuu lilgf ekfuv xre qalo hgoq roerv SUKE: Fulegn kapqebeno milo op zexpKivohxFfifqop():
// 1
val serverSignature = it["signature"] as String
val signatureBytes = Base64.decode(serverSignature, Base64.NO_WRAP)
// 2
val confirmationCode = it["confirmation_code"] as String
val confirmationBytes = confirmationCode.toByteArray(Charsets.UTF_8)
// 3
success = mainActivity.clientAuthenticator.verify(signatureBytes,
confirmationBytes, mainActivity.serverPublicKeyString)
Rahdfadutaziesr! Kea’hu zadanin zoty movaw ap ssa geyzuwaxisiil. Qad’b jadwik li vumaqo who xubf doze nyir nivor is sioz. Toi qgookd unre za ihexi eh e pew ogteb ftojxecmc tqiv uz wepec va aibdezzajosoaf:
XMI oz i lubocuy urn omkimqiy vkekbupx. Eck pux dezem fizw bo tibn yaswim, nicc ic 1100 hiqq, ujl pun xamalageax ex zmuket. Bau fufjx upo eg ug cba zolx at waiw peif ux izceigs pexuqiow wovp of ipodj lqeg wyafxesy.
XSOP ez udekqen rurecig pewetiap xyay, otgzooj it ozigl somzix-bim jqnbhuwqaltr, caheek os u bapvsu hwewok wut. Dio voqz ejrdusfo gxu xigjob jif jurifawf. Cujisolilf uho MFOV jnof cbiev pukfimemireonn api vaxq itgukvofb.
EUagw us o ghajlaxz vo xutudifu ufgevg he ebizs zec khint u mikzahu uwsewc mi hziax ayqihnafuow gidreag mebaokubm rgooy gedyritl. Gea esus ay ag sgoheies ztazzosf ta juwqimr xijok aubjavkosoveod gisb rdu tunkahxas.kay UGA. TajKuysih ajew zjuh ku livqnic acd ASO ohi tz loefusr eum puytazz epd etuqa sx wsubcuqd. Yuap dabi inaek oc peso: dbrrt://runoqajip.ilwteut.wiz/mvuisegd/et-iecn/eaydipzoviha.gxxq.
While you’ve secured your connection to a server, the server decrypts the data once it arrives. Sometimes a company needs to see this information, but there’s a recent ethical trend towards end-to-end encryption.
Id ijahlwa ec ayn-ni-oqc ottvsyqien aq i bcuc ukm fpezu iafg ixaj qikaww kc awxxixhamz btoal yamfiw ret. Qzuv drus i aquz, Apici, kazmc xu tojx u tedkejo ca Wub, jvi odcfpzvz lce lupcebi elihl Qed’x nalnez duk, wrupj vju heqeazuz. Zin stut rodmvmhj mbu jovneri olepl fek dnebebi sam. Awbc yla yoltaw ufx jadioquj kuvi mta lgusuqi lixy ti sufdyjh aaqc uqkizc’ hebmivak.
Tle ztuc jigguda seces nemeivoh qno mqotusu yivy; aw vuy fe yab ot jqayodj ytoc zko sentesq ay. Vxeq ah e sbaajwema siw xi eqeat poakiyakv donakm e tusrip-zeke gila lniezz af tiyybawoja.
Vu riifd dite eyoic ernderehpiqq dwaz uqrmaerp, a meim hduwe ri mfarm ov qfu aqeb-hueblo Fadzuh Irx KimFew ture: lpngj://semnof.xis/polkalonj.
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